Overall Health Analysis

South Carolina's water quality faces significant challenges with a total of 84 contaminants detected across 576 water systems. Alarmingly, these contaminants have the potential to impact millions of residents, with the entire population exposed in some capacity. Out of these, six contaminants stand out due to their prevalence and potential health risks: Total trihalomethanes, Haloacetic acids, Bromodichloromethane, Chloroform, Dichloroacetic acid, and Trichloroacetic acid. These pollutants stem from diverse sources, including agricultural and industrial runoff, as well as disinfection byproducts, raising serious health concerns for the state's residents.

Top Six Contaminants

Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)

Water Systems Affected: 383
People Affected: 3,997,299

Total trihalomethanes are chemical compounds formed as a byproduct of water disinfection processes, such as chlorination. These substances are linked to increased risks of cancer, specifically bladder cancer, as well as reproductive and developmental issues. Exposure to TTHMs primarily occurs through drinking water, but it can also happen during bathing or showering due to inhalation of vapors.

Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)

Water Systems Affected: 365
People Affected: 3,976,107

Haloacetic acids are byproducts of disinfecting water with chlorine and similar agents. These acids have been associated with cancer risks and developmental problems in infants and young children. Long-term exposure to elevated levels of HAAs can also affect the liver, kidneys, and nervous system, making it a significant concern for public health.

Bromodichloromethane

Water Systems Affected: 364
People Affected: 3,957,742

Bromodichloromethane is another disinfection byproduct that forms when chlorine reacts with organic matter in the water. This compound has been classified as a possible human carcinogen, with links to bladder, liver, and colon cancers. Prolonged exposure to bromodichloromethane can also negatively impact reproductive health and fetal development.

Chloroform

Water Systems Affected: 353
People Affected: 3,910,875

Chloroform, a volatile, organically derived compound, is commonly found in treated water as a disinfection byproduct. It has been associated with liver and kidney damage, as well as an elevated risk of cancer. Chronic exposure to chloroform through water consumption or inhalation during household activities can also impair central nervous system function.

Dichloroacetic Acid

Water Systems Affected: 343
People Affected: 3,877,952

Dichloroacetic acid is part of the haloacetic acids group, created during water disinfection. Known to increase cancer risks, particularly liver cancer, dichloroacetic acid can also harm metabolic function and contribute to organ damage. Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to its effects.

Trichloroacetic Acid

Water Systems Affected: 297
People Affected: 3,828,739

Trichloroacetic acid is another member of the haloacetic acids group, with similar origins and health implications. Prolonged exposure has been linked to liver tumors, developmental delays, and immune system dysfunction. This contaminant poses a grave risk to vulnerable groups, such as infants and the elderly, who may have compromised resilience to its toxic effects.

Most Significant Health Impacts

The contaminants found in South Carolina’s water systems pose serious public health risks. The most concerning health impacts include increased cancer risks, particularly bladder, liver, and colon cancers; damage to key organs such as the liver, kidneys, and nervous system; and developmental problems in infants and children. Vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, are especially at risk. These health issues underline the critical need for improved water safety and monitoring practices to protect public well-being.

Conclusion

South Carolina’s water quality presents a pressing issue with 84 contaminants identified and widespread exposure through 576 water systems. The prevalence of harmful byproducts like Total trihalomethanes, Haloacetic acids, and related compounds highlights the urgent need for action. From increasing public awareness to implementing stricter water quality regulations and advanced filtration technologies, there are multiple ways to address these concerns. By understanding the risks and taking proactive measures, South Carolina can work toward ensuring safe, clean water for its residents.